The standard Vietnamese Language has six tones. Each tone is a meaningful and intergral part of the syllable with which it is associated; every syllable must have a tone. The tones are indicated in conventional Vietnamese spelling by marks placed over (á, à, ả, ã) or under (ạ) single vowels or main stressed vowels in vowel clusters (v).
There are 12 vowel symbols in the Vietnamese alphabet but only 11 vowel phonemes
Introduction to the Vietnamese Writing and Pronunciation Systems
The Vietnamese Language is the mother tongue of some 84 million Vietnamese living in Vietnam and over 3 million living in other countries, particularly in France. The United States, Canada and Australia.
Vietnamese has a Romanized writing system and is a tone language, that is, each syllable is formed with at least one vowel accompanied by a tone (or musical pitch) which is meaningful and forms part of the syllable.
The Vietnamese Alphabet
The Vietnamese Alphabet is composed of 12 vowels and 17 consonants
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